Intelligence Then VS Now

In the past, psychologists primarily defined intelligence by a measure known as the intelligence quotient, or IQ. However, as new studies have emerged, some conducted ethically, others more controversially, our understanding has expanded. We now know that intelligence is influenced by multiple dimensions, not just IQ scores, but also factors like emotional intelligence. In this article, we’ll explore three primary theories of intelligence:   Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence, Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

A British psychologist, Charles Spearman, proposed the theory of general intelligence. His ideas suggested that intelligence is defined by a single factor, known as the “g factor”. An individual could either have it, or not; there is nothing in between. He believes that those who scored highly on one mental ability will also perform well on other cognitive tasks. Although Spearman’s theory simplifies intelligence, it laid the foundation for future research and sparked debates that encouraged alternative perspectives on how intelligence should be understood and measured.

That led to Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences first proposed in his book, Frames of Mind, in 1983. He challenged the theory of ‘g factor’, believing that intelligence comes in multiple forms. In his model, Gardner identified eight distinct types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence. He argued that intelligence is separated into eight categories, rather than one. For instance, someone with high spatial intelligence may excel in art, while a person strong in logical-mathematical would perform well in physics. 

As time progressed and more theories emerged, in 1985, Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence became viral. His ideas are composed of three main components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Analytical intelligence, which is close to traditional IQ, involves logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. Creative intelligence refers to the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas, while practical intelligence is being “street smarts”. According to Sternberg, all three components are essential for a well-rounded understanding of intelligence, as each type supports different aspects of life. If an individual with strong analytical intelligence but weak in practical skills, they would have a difficult time navigating in life despite his intelligence in analytical skills. This theory, unlike others, highlights the importance of creative thinking and adaptability, especially in rapidly changing environments.

All in all, these three theories demonstrate the complexity of intelligence and how its definition has evolved beyond a single measure. Even with today’s technology, psychologists still struggle to define exactly what intelligence is, unable to agree upon a definite definition. But, we are understanding it more and more with extensive research and hopefully, one day, we will be able to define intelligence.

Photograph by Audrey Lu
Article by Jisara W

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