Aadyabir Singh

Ingredients of Memory: A Pantry Portrait

1 cup of nostalgia: Wei Lih Instant Noodle with Onion Flavor The first ingredient in my pantry is a packet of WeiLih instant noodles, a vibrant little treasure that transports me back to a sunlit kitchen in Shanghai, where time seemed to stretch like the delicate strands of these noodles. I can still hear the bubbling of the pot as the water danced in anticipation, the familiar sound blending with laughter and the clinking of chopsticks. As the steam curled upward, releasing the rich aroma of sautéed onions, my heart would flutter with joy. I was just a child then, perched at a table surrounded by my mom’s best friend’s family, a kaleidoscope of faces and voices that enveloped me like a cozy blanket. Each slurp of those noodles was a taste of connection, a reminder of warmth and belonging that lingered long, even after the meal was over. Now, this packet sits nestled among jars and boxes in my Vancouver pantry, a bridge to my roots and a comforting whisper of home that I can summon whenever I crave the flavors of my childhood. ½ cup of bittersweet reminiscence: Yopokki Cheese Tteokbokki  Next, we blend in a half cup of bittersweet reminiscence, embodied in a box of Yopokki Cheese Tteokbokki. This dish holds the weight of a significant relationship, where food and connection are intertwined in a tapestry of warmth and laughter. I can vividly recall that evening when he first came over, the atmosphere buzzing with nervous excitement. We sprawled on the couch, the glow of the TV casting soft shadows as scenes from “All of Us Are Dead” flickered before us. Despite his aversion to horror, he leaned into the moment, his head resting gently on my lap, the comfort of our closeness a balm against the world outside. As we shared the spicy, cheesy tteokbokki, the flavors melded with the sweet tension of the moment, igniting a spark that would soon evolve into something deeper. Even now, months later, as I reach for that box in the pantry, nostalgia floods my senses. I remember the way his laughter filled the room and how the warmth of his hand in mine felt like coming home. The taste of those noodles is forever tinged with the sweetness of what was—cozy nights, whispered secrets, and a love that felt like the promise of forever. ¾ cup of sweet childhood memories: Kimberley’s Bakeshoppe Soft Sugar Cookies   Finally, fold in three-quarters of a cup of sweet childhood memories, represented by Kimberley’s Bakeshoppe Soft Sugar Cookies. These cookies are a delightful enigma; I can’t quite trace the path of their entry into my life, yet I remember the sheer joy they brought me. As I sink my teeth into one, I am transported to my childhood—a realm of carefree days and laughter that feels distant yet achingly familiar. They are sugary and soft, crumbling just enough to melt into my mouth like the warm embrace of a loved one. Each cookie is a piece of nostalgia, reminiscent of lazy afternoons spent sneaking treats from the pantry when no one was looking. Whenever I spot that familiar box in the grocery store, a wave of longing washes over me, compelling me to reach for it. I can’t resist the call of those cookies, a gentle reminder that even in the chaos of teenagehood, the sweetness of innocence can still be savored. ——– As I stand before my pantry, these ingredients come together to create a rich tapestry of experiences and emotions. Each item is more than just a food; they are cherished ingredients in the recipe of my life, speaking to the deep connection between food and memory, love and longing. In this sacred space, where flavors and feelings coexist, I find solace. Even as a hermit, surrounded by the echoes of laughter and warmth, I am reminded that these moments—sweet, spicy, and savory—are the true sustenance of my soul. Each visit to my pantry is a journey through time, a chance to embrace the past and nurture the heart, weaving together the beautiful, intricate dish of who I am. Photograph by: Christina TianBy: Sophie Xia

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Cherish the Moments

In today’s fast-paced world, teens are increasingly immersing themselves in technology, social media and extracurricular activities. As a result, time spent between teens and their families decreases. This shift raises an important question: what are the consequences of disconnection between teens and their families?  Research shows that the time teenagers spend with their family has decreased significantly over the past few decades. Teens are engaging in less and less meaningful conversations with their parents as a result of rigorous academics or commitment to extracurriculars. Therefore, many teens retreat into their rooms, often glued to their screens. This raises an alert about  potential mental health issues that may arise. A growing body of evidence suggests that strong family bonds play a critical role in protecting adolescents from mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety. Moreover, research also indicates that effective communication with parents is linked to better academic performances and higher self-esteem in adolescents. Without regular interactions, misunderstandings can arise, leaving teens feeling isolated and unsupported.  Studies had also shown that teens that maintained strong family ties are more likely to experience positive outcomes in adulthood, including stable relationships and career success. Conversely, those who lacked parental involvement often struggled with issues such as substance abuse and difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.  So, with Christmas approaching, set aside time for your family—whether through watching a movie, sharing meals, or simply talking about the day. Put away the schoolwork or extracurricular activities, and spend some quality time with those significant to you so that you won’t regret it in the future! Photograph by: Eden ChenArticle by: Jisara W

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Shepherd of the Prodigal

Though it was past midnight, the day was prolonged with fireworks and city lights. Parols, little lanterns shaped like stars, adorned the shoddy wiring that kept the commune of San Miguel alive. It was Christmas, and in the Catholic-dominant Philippines, millions flocked to the cathedrals, an onerous gift from Magellan. Come next morning, there would be a mass at every church in the country, though Vincent had no intention of going. In fact, he was far, far away from the present, secluded on a rooftop, staring at a starless sky. His phone had died, and it was futile to try and get some sleep, as the relentless fervour of both worship and celebration conquered all. Children were giving blessings to their elders, karaoke was sung at every household, and he spotted a few of his cousins playing basketball with a dinky hoop while wearing fake jerseys. Their trash-talk intrigued him. The light beckoned to him. The sweet scent of bibingka and baked cassava called to him. The clangour of laughter from his drunk and happy titos and titas urged him to move, especially after he had heard that some Jollibee chicken had arrived. And yet, Vincent lingered on the outskirts like a carcass. It was fitting, as he was a diaspora who could not speak a word of Filipino, and was only here to visit family. Later on, boredom draped over his mind. He could not tell whether it was Kuya Cocoy or Kuya Martin singing a terrible cover of Feliz Navidad, and eventually, the endless noise drove him out. Vincent slipped away down some stairs and jumped two walls, and he wound through the narrow alleys slicked with damp, muddy ground, littered with the joyful trash of yesterday. He went further and descended from familiar landmarks. Festivities dwindled, their light no longer blinking through the tin roofs that once made a patchwork of gleaming hues. There were no more decorations, not a single hint that it was Christmas. His eyes traced the rust of corrugated iron walls. Roadside canals stunk of greywater. The sounds of merriment, once commanding, now ebbed and disappeared. Around him, his surroundings slowly bled into slums. The raw underbelly of the city was exposed. Music dissolved into murmurs, and life and colour waned away. It was as if his own disquiet was mirrored in this void. It drew him in deeper, his mindless wandering unrelenting. Then, he noticed something.  It was warm. It always surprised him how it never got cold here on this archipelago. In the distance, he spotted a figure, illuminated by a single streetlamp. She was quite tall for a Filipino. Vincent recognized her. It was one of his cousins, around his age, maybe a little older. Her knuckles rapped against a shanty window. She spotted him, her gaze a dark, curious shine. Leaning against the remnants of an old wall, her face was soft but also hardened with a cool indifference that seemed to recognize the stranger approaching. In her hand, a thin, hand-rolled cigarette smouldered, emitting ribbons of smoke that twisted and flowed. She took a quick puff. “Naliligaw ka ba?” she asked. Her voice was low and bemused, punctuated by the faintest curl of a smile. “I– I don’t speak Tagalog,” he said, not a single word tinged by an accent. “Vincent Rizal, you?” She chuckled. “You don’t remember your Ate? Ate Sofia?” He shrugged, averting his gaze. Vincent always felt like a trespasser, unable to relate, but then, he looked up and met her eyes.          Sofia took a drag, her lips grazing the paper’s edge with a practiced ease. Afterwards, she extended her arm and offered it. For a moment, he hesitated, the smoke swirling in a thin, ephemeral veil. But then, he took it, pressing the filter against his mouth, tasting the ash and heat. Old and acrid fumes akin to the essence of his surroundings were distilled into his very marrow, and the smoke scratched its way down his throat. It was sharp and unkind, and he coughed hard after, but Sofia’s rough laugh cut through his discomfort. It mingled with the howling cheers from distant streets above them. She wiped away a tear borne from her laughter and smiled. “Let’s go home.” Photograph by Ryan GuervilleArticle by Jasper Jose

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Unthawed Reveries

Ivanna Scrooge loathed winters. She despised the stale scent of snow-laden air and the way dampness clung to her clothes, a reminder of the nights she had tried to forget. Winter’s bite unveiled its unrelenting fangs into her wallet with increasing heating bills and locked her in neverending traffic. It sank into her bones, haunting memories that she wished could remain buried. She couldn’t think about that night—her last night in that house. But the more she forced herself not to, the more those memories crept in, clawing at the edges of her mind. They tugged back each time she pushed them away, tempting her to remember. It was like trying not to think about an itch; focus only heightened her awareness, the memories getting more difficult to suppress each time they arose.  The memory surfaced without mercy, sharp and stabbing; Ivanna’s mother slumped beside her, blood seeping over her face, the metallic tang thick in the air. Her father looming, a baseball bat clenched in his grip, casting ominous shadows in the dim light. Ivanna didn’t need any ghost from the past to drag her back to that Christmas Eve of her seventeenth birthday—the memory was as fresh as the bruise that had bloomed afterward. Each garish Santa plastered on storefronts now taunted her with reminders of the cheerful drawing she had sketched just hours before that moment—a simple, innocent doodle lying somewhere near the blood-stained floor. She tried to ignore the warmth that suddenly bloomed within her as she watched a father carefully knot a scarf around his daughter’s neck. But that warmth came with a sharp ache, a reminder of days when her own father had done the same, his hands gentle against the chill. Now, that tenderness felt like an echo of something soft long since hardened. She closed her eyes, willing the image away—she didn’t need more reminders that such warmth was never to be felt again. Shuffling to the door, Ivanna scooped up the mail, each step weighted by another empty evening. The stack of overdue bills and forgotten newsletters was familiar, but today her fingers brushed against something else—a package. She frowned. She hadn’t ordered anything. Later, inside her home, she settled into silence, a cold beer in hand and the pile of mail before her on the coffee table. Bills, flyers, that strange package—she eyed it warily, wondering if it was a mistake, something to break the hum of loneliness that filled the room. Inside the package was a small camera and a note scrawled in familiar handwriting: “Love, all of us.” She unfolded the note slowly, her heartbeat quickening. She felt a stir of curiosity as she powered on the camera. On the tiny screen, Jeffrey appeared wearing a hideous plastic tiara, his tall frame hunched comically to fit the frame, a pair of shrunken fairy wings straining against his broad shoulders. He blew a kiss at the camera with exaggerated flair. Just as she started to laugh, the rest of her friends jumped into view, shouting, “We miss you!” Their smiles and laughter filled the room, breaking through her solitude with warmth she hadn’t felt in ages. Ivanna stared at the screen, a mix of joy and ache bubbling up, her defences slipping just enough to let them in. But she pushed the camera aside, the laughter and warmth it brought too much for her to bear. Retreating to her bedroom, she wrapped herself in the quiet. The next morning, the church greeted her with its usual stillness. Sunlight filtered through the stained glass, casting soft colours on the worn pews. The faint scent of old wood and melting candle wax filled the air. In the silence, the priest’s murmured words floated softly, blending into the space—a steady rhythm that steadied her nerves. She often came here to quiet her mind, letting the stillness envelop her in a way that little else could. Ivanna blinked, her gaze trailing to the nameplate at the altar, suddenly realizing that the priest’s murmured prayer was for her. Her name sat engraved on the simple metal plate, cold and stark. The priest caught her eye, his expression softening as he nodded in her direction. “We’re closed, I’m afraid. A funeral. The old woman… she had no one,” he said, his voice low, carrying a gentle, unspoken sadness. Ivanna swallowed, the weight of his words settling over her. She glanced around the empty pews, imagining a life that faded without witnesses, without warmth or friends to grieve the loss. An ache stirred in her chest, but she forced herself to nod, turning back toward the door. The quiet had offered her solace before but now it felt like a warning, lingering in the echo of her footsteps. The phrase echoed in Ivanna’s mind: The old woman had no one. Just like her. A chill ran through her, as she imagined her own life ending in such a silence, marked only by a few murmured words from a stranger. Unless she let go. Unless she stopped clutching fragments of the past, allowing old wounds to keep her heart walled off from everyone. The weight of her decision hung in the air, fragile yet full of promise. For once, she wanted more than the memories that haunted her.  She couldn’t wait until it was too late. Taking in a deep breath, stirrings of the unfamiliar arose in her chest—hope. She would discover a way out of her shadows and the past into the light of her future. Photograph by: Jeffrey JiangArticle by: Isita Ghanta

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December Prose

Boxes stacked haphazardly lined the walls. Each one was labeled in Mom’s neat handwriting.   I couldn’t quite recall the last time I heard her voice.  I had almost forgotten her laugh until the recording crackled and I heard it again: a little breathless and sweet.   I am not in the attic anymore. I’m transported to the lively kitchen of the year 1998. Christmas tunes floated gently in the air, the warmth from the oven embraced me. The scent of cinnamon and nutmeg swirled through the room. I stirred the bowl with all my might while bits of batter were flying onto the countertop, but Grandma didn’t mind. She stood tall beside me. Her hands gently guided mine, as we folded the dough over and over. “Slowly now, dear, you don’t want to tire out the dough. It’s like giving it a little massage,” She’d say, while her wrinkled fingers folded the mixture expertly. She always hummed the same carol as we worked—Silent Night. I’d always sneak a piece of the raw cookie dough, and she’d catch me, “Only a little, now,” she’d laugh, wagging a flour-covered finger at me. “We still need enough for the cookies!” Her laughter would bounce off the walls, and I’d giggle too, my cheeks warming as I brushed the flour from my nose. Then, silence.   The recorder stopped abruptly.   I am not in the kitchen anymore. I’m all alone in the attic, clutching the antique machine as if it was her, as if it could bring her back. The gap between us feels impossibly wide, like the attic rafters that stretch above me. But then, I hear a tiny voice behind me.  “Mom?”   I turn and see the small frame of my daughter standing in the doorway. She held two aprons in her chubby hands and looked up with her wide eyes.   “Can we bake some cookies?”   “Of course, sweetheart,” I say, my voice trembling just a little. We head downstairs to the kitchen. I set the recorder on the counter and pressed play again, letting Grandma’s voice fill the room. Her words crackle through the speaker, as though she’s standing there beside us, guiding us step by step through the recipe that was written long before either of us were born.   As I show my daughter how to knead the dough, I guide her tiny fingers just as grandmother had once guided mine. The dough is sticky between our hands, clumps of flour clinging to our fingers and dusting the countertops.  The recorder hums quietly in the background, and I catch fragments of Grandma’s voice, mixing with the faint strains of an old Christmas tune— “Chestnuts roasting on an open fire…”  The past isn’t gone. It’s here, living in the act of kneading dough, of dusting flour on tiny hands, of humming that old Christmas tune that filled kitchens long before I was born and will fill them for the years to come.   “Are they ready, Mom?” my daughter asks, peering up at me with flour smeared across her cheeks. As the timer dings and we pull the tray from the oven I smile, kneeling down beside her. “Yes, sweetheart. They’re just perfect.”   As we sit together and share the first warm bite, I realize I am sharing what remains— one memory, one cookie, one moment at a time. Photograph by Eden ChenArticle by Dharaneeswar

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Whispers of the Fallen

A soldier sharing ghost stories beneath the stars in the muddy trenches of France.  A medic bandaging wounds, whispering comfort in the chaos of a battlefield under fire.  A young recruit, eyes alert as he clutched his rifle, laughter echoing off the barracks walls at boot camp.  An old veteran, hands trembling, recounting tales of comrades lost on that fateful day in Normandy.  A sniper hidden among the pines, breath steady as he watched the world unfold.  A tank commander, fierce and resolute, rolling through the deserts of Iraq, and dust swirling.  A resistance fighter, shrouded in night, slipping leaflets of hope under doors in occupied Paris.  A peacekeeper walking the tense streets of Sarajevo, every smile: a fragile act of defiance.  A pilot dropping supplies into besieged towns, soaring above clouds heavy with storm.  A war correspondent, notebook in hand, capturing the truth of young lives shattered in the rubble of Aleppo.  An army cook, stirring pots of stew, the aroma weaving comfort into the cold barracks of Kandahar.  A sailor, eyes scanning the horizon, the weight of duty heavy as he navigated treacherous waters in the South China Sea.  A child with toy soldiers, reenacting battles in the yard, blissfully unaware of their grim origins.  A civilian, armed with courage, stood guard at home, protecting what’s left of a world torn apart.  A memorial inscribed with names, each etched letter a haunting reminder of sacrifices made in silence.  Photograph by: Jeffery JiangArticle by: Sophie Xia

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The Joy of Being Spiderman

Swoosh, Spsss, Crash. My fingers stick to the side of the building as I look over the criminals I webbed up dangling from the streetlight wires, like butterflies about to emerge from their cocoons. I aim at the tallest building and leap off the wall my legs cling to. Being Spiderman is difficult work, but the amount of joy I get from saving people and the freedom I experience while swinging through New York City is pure euphoria.  As I reach the apex of my swing, I thrust my legs towards the clouds and land back on my couch.  “What are you doing?” My mom asks. “Stop now or your stomach is going to tangle and you won’t be able to eat.”  I sit there, silent, still taking in the amazing adventure I just went on. The extraordinary experience that just occurred. Returning to reality seems disappointing, but I know I can become Spiderman again the next time I get bored.  I miss those days. Being able to transform into a superhero with ease, and the amount of happiness that comes from just that. It’s something that is much easier as a child.  It’s boredom that creates character. It’s boredom that allows you to create that joy and personality.  I was recently reminded of these glory days during my work with a teacher. We were preparing for a fun presentation for Children’s Day and she presented me with an anecdote. It was about how this kid that was in her class confidently walked in with two iPads, sitting comfortably and high on his shoulders like a rich man carrying stacks of money.  She told me, “How can these kids know how to log into YouTube, but not know their 123’s.” She continued to tell me about how disrespectful her set of children was, and how they all were carbon copies of one another, saying the same silly sayings, only they weren’t things 7 to 8-year-olds should know, but the slang of high schoolers.  “We were not like that at all when I was that age. What was I doing at that age?” And the thought of transforming into Spiderman emerged in front of my eyes and somber feelings swam through my body. The internet is an amazing place. The amount of information, knowledge, and joy you can receive from the World Wide Web is one of the greatest advancements of human age. However, the ease of access to the amount of brain rotting, personality killing, and NPC creating content is unfathomable. The prominence of this world of trends and viral things that everyone is forced to see is not only accessible but already a critical part of the lives of billions of people now, children massively included.  The personalities of children are monotonous, toned to what is popular on TikTok, and usually these characters are not unique, not kind, and often rude, due to them being open to the same things that make older kids popular. When they get bored, they are instantly able to hop onto the easiest form of entertainment that are built for short attention spans, which is default in children nowadays, and attention-catching, trapping them for hours. It’s how children nowadays differ from the past, and we cannot fault them for this either. It is just how the world has developed.  Being Spiderman was one of the happiest memories I have as a child. Boredom was the best blessing and it  allowed me to delve into my own mind and find who I was. This Children’s Day, I want to appreciate kids today working through this world that has developed. But I do hope that one day they can have the glorious experience of staring up at the ceiling and counting the popcorn, transforming into a superhero. Article by: Leon Zhang

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Century of Innovation and Strife

Feminism (1920s – 1930s) The feminist and women’s suffrage movements played a crucial role in advancing women’s rights, challenging the restrictive gender roles that had historically limited them. The Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association, established in the 1870s, arose in response to these long-standing injustices. In 1918, women were finally granted the right to vote in federal elections in Canada, marking a significant victory. Women continued to advocate for their rights, gaining access to education and divorce. In 1937, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, marking a monumental milestone for women in male-dominated fields. World War II (1930s – 1940s) World War II, one of the most devastating conflicts in history, raged from 1939 to 1945. Driven by territorial ambition and resentment toward the Treaty of Versailles, Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, igniting the war. During this time, Adolf Hitler’s regime committed atrocities, including the genocide of over six million Jews and millions of others, targeted by the Nazis’ racist ideology. The war concluded in the Pacific with the Battle of Okinawa, which ended on July 2, 1945, while Germany had surrendered earlier on May 7, 1945. These six years of turmoil reshaped the world. Civil Rights Movement (1940s – 1950s) The civil rights movement emerged in the mid-20th century, particularly in the United States, to combat racial discrimination and promote equality for African Americans. The movement aimed to address the legacy of slavery, segregation, and systemic disenfranchisement. Landmark events included the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled school segregation unconstitutional, and the 1963 March on Washington, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. This movement not only transformed American society but also inspired global calls for justice and equality, highlighting the ongoing struggle against oppression. Movies (1950s – 1960s) The 1950s are often considered the golden age of Hollywood, with stars like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean epitomizing the era’s glamour and rebellion. Iconic films such as Rebel Without a Cause and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes continue to captivate audiences, demonstrating the lasting impact of their themes. This period also marked the rise of Elvis Presley, whose 1960 hit “It’s Now or Never” sold over 20 million copies, making it one of the best-selling singles ever. The introduction of color television was another monumental leap, transforming how audiences experienced film and television. The Moon Landing (1960s – 1970s) On July 20, 1969, NASA’s Apollo 11 mission achieved a historic milestone by landing astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon. Armstrong’s first step onto the lunar surface, accompanied by his famous words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,” symbolized human achievement. Later that year, Apollo 12 became the second mission to reach the moon. This era marked a triumph of science and technology during the Cold War, fueling American pride and igniting a passion for STEM fields. Walt Disney (1970s – 1980s) In 1971, Walt Disney World opened in Orlando, Florida, expanding Disney’s influence by pairing theme parks with on-site hotels. Although Disney had debuted Disneyland in 1955, this new development solidified Disney parks as cultural icons. Disney’s rise to prominence began in the 1930s with innovative, family-friendly animated films that captured audiences nationwide. Known for its lively animation and timeless storytelling, the Disney brand remains a cherished part of many childhoods. Indigenous History (1980s – 1990s) In 1996, Gordon’s Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan—the last residential school in Canada—closed, symbolizing an overdue end to the government’s policy of Indigenous assimilation. Residential schools, part of a broader movement exemplified by the Indian Act, aimed to integrate Indigenous children into Western society at the expense of their culture. Recent Indigenous activism has focused on reclaiming rights, revitalizing languages and traditions, and advocating for justice and reconciliation, striving to heal from the legacies of colonialism. The Internet Revolution (1990s – 2000s) The advent of the internet and the launch of the iPhone opened new frontiers in technology, giving people unprecedented access to information. In 2007, Apple released the iPhone, revolutionizing communication and daily life. Social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube soon followed, allowing content creators to reach global audiences. These developments reshaped social interactions and set the stage for ongoing technological advancements that continue to impact society profoundly. The Asian Wave (2000s – 2020s) The Asian Wave brought Asian pop culture to the global stage in the 2010s and 2020s, with K-pop at the forefront. Known for its catchy melodies, intricate choreography, and polished aesthetics, K-pop groups like BTS and Girls’ Generation captivated international audiences. Anime also gained widespread popularity, with series like Dragon Ball Z and Attack on Titan capturing fans worldwide. Psy’s “Gangnam Style” went viral in 2012, breaking YouTube records and cementing K-pop’s influence. This wave not only reshaped global entertainment but also fostered greater appreciation for Asian cultures. Artificial Intelligence (2020s – ?) In recent years, artificial intelligence has advanced at an unprecedented pace. OpenAI, founded less than a decade ago, developed ChatGPT, one of the most advanced AI chatbots. By 2025, nearly 77% of devices are expected to integrate AI. Despite AI’s usefulness, some pioneers, such as Geoffrey Hinton—often called the “Godfather of AI”—have raised ethical concerns. As AI continues to evolve, it promises to shape the future, sparking both excitement and apprehension about its potential impacts on society. Article by: Joy Anna

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Intelligence Then VS Now

In the past, psychologists primarily defined intelligence by a measure known as the intelligence quotient, or IQ. However, as new studies have emerged, some conducted ethically, others more controversially, our understanding has expanded. We now know that intelligence is influenced by multiple dimensions, not just IQ scores, but also factors like emotional intelligence. In this article, we’ll explore three primary theories of intelligence:   Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence, Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. A British psychologist, Charles Spearman, proposed the theory of general intelligence. His ideas suggested that intelligence is defined by a single factor, known as the “g factor”. An individual could either have it, or not; there is nothing in between. He believes that those who scored highly on one mental ability will also perform well on other cognitive tasks. Although Spearman’s theory simplifies intelligence, it laid the foundation for future research and sparked debates that encouraged alternative perspectives on how intelligence should be understood and measured. That led to Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences first proposed in his book, Frames of Mind, in 1983. He challenged the theory of ‘g factor’, believing that intelligence comes in multiple forms. In his model, Gardner identified eight distinct types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence. He argued that intelligence is separated into eight categories, rather than one. For instance, someone with high spatial intelligence may excel in art, while a person strong in logical-mathematical would perform well in physics.  As time progressed and more theories emerged, in 1985, Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence became viral. His ideas are composed of three main components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Analytical intelligence, which is close to traditional IQ, involves logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. Creative intelligence refers to the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas, while practical intelligence is being “street smarts”. According to Sternberg, all three components are essential for a well-rounded understanding of intelligence, as each type supports different aspects of life. If an individual with strong analytical intelligence but weak in practical skills, they would have a difficult time navigating in life despite his intelligence in analytical skills. This theory, unlike others, highlights the importance of creative thinking and adaptability, especially in rapidly changing environments. All in all, these three theories demonstrate the complexity of intelligence and how its definition has evolved beyond a single measure. Even with today’s technology, psychologists still struggle to define exactly what intelligence is, unable to agree upon a definite definition. But, we are understanding it more and more with extensive research and hopefully, one day, we will be able to define intelligence. Photograph by Audrey LuArticle by Jisara W

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